If you’re buying a home, you’ll probably hear the word “escrow” used in a few different contexts. Let’s look at what escrow is, how it works and how it can benefit you as a home buyer, seller or homeowner.
Escrow is a legal arrangement in which a third party temporarily holds money or property until a particular condition has been met – such as the fulfillment of a purchase agreement.
It’s used in real estate transactions to protect both the buyer and the seller during the home buying process. Throughout the term of the mortgage, an escrow account will hold funds for taxes and homeowners insurance.
In real estate, escrow is typically used for two reasons:
Because of the different purposes served, there are two types of escrow accounts. One is used during the home buying process, while the other is used throughout the life of your loan.
When you’re buying a home, your purchase agreement will usually include a good faith deposit – (also known as earnest money). This deposit shows the seller that you’re serious about purchasing the home. If the contract falls through due to the fault of the buyer, the seller usually gets to keep the money. If the home purchase is successful, the deposit will be applied to the buyer’s down payment.
To protect both the buyer and the seller, an escrow account will be set up to hold the deposit. The good faith deposit will sit in the escrow account until the transaction closes.
Sometimes, funds are held in another type of escrow account past the completion of the sale of the home. This is called an escrow holdback. There are many reasons an escrow holdback may be needed. For example, perhaps you agreed that the seller can stay in the home an extra month, or there are outstanding bills on the home that the seller is responsible for (a water bill, for example).
If you’re building a new home, money may remain in escrow until you’ve signed off on all the work. Once the conditions are met, the money will be released to the right party.
After you purchase a home, your mortgage lender will establish an escrow account to pay for your taxes and homeowners insurance. Each month, your mortgage servicer takes a portion of your monthly mortgage payment and holds it in the escrow account until your tax and insurance payments are due.
The amount required for escrow is a moving target because your tax bill and insurance premiums can change from year to year. Your servicer will determine your escrow payments for the next year based on what bills they paid the previous year. To ensure there’s enough cash in escrow, most lenders require a minimum of 2 months’ worth of extra payments to be held in your account.
Your lender or servicer will analyze your escrow account annually to make sure they’re not collecting too much or too little. If their analysis of your escrow account determines that they’ve collected too much money for taxes and insurance, they’ll give you what’s called an escrow refund.
If their analysis shows they’ve collected too little, you’ll need to cover the difference. You may be given options to make a one-time payment or increase the amount of your monthly mortgage payment to make up for a shortage in your escrow account.